"Cream rises to the top. But then, so does scum."
SECRETS OF NEODESK 4
PART ONE: A GUIDE TO NEODESK 4
(Covering NeoDesk 4 up to release 002)
Sub-Part 2
by Al Fasoldt
PART 4: A WINDOW ON THE FUTURE
How GEM ought to be
The first graphical user interfaces were welcome changes from
the character-based command-line systems that were common until
the 1990s. But as intuitive as a window is as a bordered space
for file and program activity, a window in itself is just a fancy
box. Working within that box makes sense up to a point -- that
point being the difficulty of accessing menus at another place on
the screen just to manipulate the contents of a window.
That's the way Atari's GEM works, and how the Mac's desktop
works, too. Under a single-tasking operating system, this
limitation is perhaps too minor to worry about, but it becomes
quite a liability under a multitasking system such as the Geneva-
NeoDesk 4 combination. Each desktop window in such a system is
potentially active even if it is not in the foreground, but
working in separate windows becomes an exercise in eye-and-hand
coordination if the only menus available are in a shared GEM menu
bar at the top of the screen.
NeoDesk 4 removes that limitation in its enhanced GEM windows.
Each one is a full GEM window, complete with menu bar and menus,
instead of a box where file operations take place. You will
notice that some menus in NeoDesk 4's windows are duplicated in
the main menu bar, but many are not. This frees up the main menu
for options and functions that pertain to NeoDesk's general
operation.
PART 5: GROUP THERAPY
Why didn't Microsoft do it as well?
NeoDesk 4 differs radically from the TOS desktop by
incorporating Groups. These are files and folders that can be
displayed in special Group windows on the NeoDesk desktop.
What's this all about? What's wrong with file and folder icons?
Why use Groups?
In one way, NeoDesk's Groups resemble Program Manager groups in
Microsoft Windows. Windows 3.1 and 3.11 (the current consumer
versions of Windows as of the first half of 1995) split file-
copying operations from program-launching functions through two
main applications -- File Manager and Program Manager. Despite
the size of Microsoft's software engineering staff and the
hundreds of millions of dollars the company spent developing
Windows, Microsoft's dual-function treatment of files and
programs in Windows is confusing and ineffectual. (A large
software industry specializing in replacements for those two
Windows applications has made a lot of PC software writers
wealthy.)
But what makes the Windows Program Manager attractive to
untutored PC users is its grouping function. If you drag a
program out of a File Manager window into a Program Manager
window, the program file itself stays in its original location
while Windows creates an alias for that program -- a launcher
icon -- within the Program Manager window. If you have two word
processors, you could create a Program Manager group called "Word
Processors" and place an icon for each one in that group. This
way, no matter where those applications are on disk, you can
launch either of them from one location.
That's what NeoDesk 4's Groups allow you to do, too. But
NeoDesk's Groups are much more powerful. NeoDesk's Groups contain
active aliases, not just program launchers, and, also unlike the
groups in Windows, they can contain folders in addition to files.
And NeoDesk 4 Groups can be nested hierarchically; Groups can be
placed within other Groups at any time.
Getting rid of FOOBAR3.PRG and THSBGFIL.DOC
NeoDesk 4 Groups also surmount one of the oldest problems of
every DOS and DOS-like computer disk operating system -- the
limitation on the length of filenames. PCs and Ataris both labor
under that restriction (under MS-DOS for PCs and TOS for Ataris),
which limits the main part of a filename to eight characters and
the extension -- the part of the name that follows a period -- to
three characters. This limitation is removed in all Group
windows. Whether the items in the Group window are displayed by
icons or by text, the names can be normal words. They can contain
capital and lower-case letters, spaces, punctuation marks and
even special characters such as trademark or copyright symbols.
Furthermore, whenever Groups are listed in regular NeoDesk 4
desktop file-and-folder windows, their names are also displayed
in normal language, not as such filenames as MYWORDP.GRP (as they
are in Microsoft Windows).
Try it - you'll like it
NeoDesk 4 Groups are easy to create. Every desktop file window
has a "New Group" option in its File menu. Groups can also be
created automatically by NeoDesk when it performs a search.
Groups must be given a name before they can be saved.
Because the notion of groups is new to Atarians (at least to
those who have not used Microsoft Windows on a PC), I'll explain
the uses of NeoDesk Groups in some detail. If you have not yet
created and used NeoDesk Groups, you may discover a new dimension
to everyday computing.
The primary function of a group in NeoDesk 4 is obvious: It puts
programs, data files and folders where they can be easily
located. Here's the most basic example: If you create a Group for
all your graphics applications, all you need to do to run one of
them is to open the Graphics group and double-click on the icon
or name of the one you want to run. This Group can be made up of
programs stored in different locations on your hard drive, and it
can also contain folders for various kinds of graphics files
(Spectrum 512 pictures, GIF photos and so on) no matter where
they are located.
Here's another example, taken from my own setup. All my primary
utility programs and configuration files have been placed in a
Group called Quick Utils. By opening that Group window, I have
easy access to all the utilities and data files. (The data files
include the ASSIGN.SYS file that GDOS uses, the GEM.CNF file
needed by Geneva and the NEOD1024.INF file used for my standard-
display mode in NeoDesk 4, among many other files.) These files
are located in scattered folders on various drives, but they are
all accessible from one Group window.
The icons (or names, in a text display) in a Group window are
active. That is, they do not simply launch a program. They are
capable of all the drag-and-drop operations that can be performed
by the files to which they refer. The only limitation in the
functionality of Group members is that renaming, deleting,
copying or moving them does not perform those operations on the
original files. (This is intentional, of course; you would not
want to endanger the original files in this way.) They are also
linked immediately to their original files if you press the
Control key and double-click on a Group member. This operation
opens a new window on the desktop to the location of the original
file or folder, making file functions very simple when you need
to rename, delete, copy or move those items.
Grouüs that care for MIAs
Yet Groups are even more powerful than these examples show.
While it is clear that Group members represent files and folders
in another location, it may not be obvious that they can
represent items that are NOT locally stored. In other words, you
could create Groups for every floppy disk in your collection. You
could then open those Group windows and use them either as a way
of checking for files without needing to access the floppies or
as a way of providing quick access to the contents of any disk
you put in the floppy drive. In my setup, I have created Groups
for every CD-ROM disk in my collection. When I put a particular
disk in the CD-ROM drive, I merely open the Group window
corresponding to that CD-ROM and get instant access to the entire
contents -- without opening any file-and-folder windows on the
CD-ROM itself.
I also use Group windows to catalog my secondary backup disks.
(Secondary backups, in my system, are disks holding archived
files created with a standard archiver instead of a backup
program. These are held offline as insurance against problems
with the primary backups, which are created with a backup
program.) If one of my backups fails, I have to do nothing more
than open a set of Group windows to determine which backup disk
(a Floptical) contains the file I need.
Another Group I use was automatically created by NeoDesk 4's
search function. I have a lot of GDOS, Degas (Warp 9), Speedo and
TrueType fonts in dozens of locations on my main drives. Rather
than trying to move them all to a single set of folders on one
drive, I had NeoDesk 4 search for files matching the
specifications for these fonts. I saved the search results as a
Fonts Group. Now any font is just a click away, after opening
just a single window.
And another Group holds entries for all my articles about Atari
computers. Most are stored in Calligrapher's own file format, but
some are ASCII texts and others are saved in the Atari Works
format. Yet they are all in the same Group window, and all have
descriptive names (not WHAT_DA.CAL or GENSECR.STW and that kind
of thing). Because these Group members are aliases for files that
NeoDesk already associates with their applications, all I have to
do is double-click on any Group entry and it will appear in a
second or two inside the application that created it originally.
This is an important function of Groups that many users may not
understand. Groups do not have to be made up of programs; they
can be put together from any items stored on disk. A common use I
make of a Group I call New Docs is the temporary listing of
documentation for new programs. Rather than digging out the doc
file in a folder half-lost somewhere on one of my drives, I
merely drag the document icon to the Group window and access it
from there. It is always instantly available that way.
You may want to consider creating a Master Group that holds all
your other groups. If you place the icon for the Master Group on
the desktop, you will always be able to open any Group window
quickly.
PART 6: CUSTOMIZED LAUNCHERS
Pass parameters and collect $200
When Atari created TOS, its software engineers designated two
very different ways programs could run. They could be mouse-and-
window applications -- PRoGrams, which had to have names ending
in ".PRG" -- or they could be text-based applications that did
not use the mouse and its associated paraphernalia. These are
called TOS applications, and they look for all the world like
programs that run under the standard PC operating system, MS-DOS.
(They are, in fact, quite similar to DOS programs in some ways.)
But Atari did something unknown in the MS-DOS world when it
settled on TOS programs as the non-mouse (or non-GEM)
applications that would run on the ST. It made two categories --
one for TOS programs that needed parameters and one for the ones
that didn't. If this is all gobbledegook to you, stick with me;
TOS programs can be very important, and the way they run can be
applied in a more general way, too, now that Atari programmers
have learned how to unleash the full power of both GEM and non-
GEM software.
I remember how disappointed I was the first week I spent with my
new 520ST nine years ago when I discovered that least friendly
version of all Atari programs, the .TTP monster. Double-clicking
on a .TOS program made it run, but double-clicking on a .TTP
program made a box appear on the screen asking me to type
something. If I'd wanted to type something at a command line, I
would have stuck with my Atari 130XE and its wonderfully
adaptable operating system, SpartaDOS. Here was a computer with a
graphical user interface that suddenly reverted to the old type-
in-your-favorite-command system -- that is, if you were able to
remember the command you were supposed to type in. If you ran the
early version of ARC in those days, you were supposed to type in
"-X" or "-E" or just "X" or "E" (I'm glad I've forgotten which it
was!) followed by the path and filename to extract a file, like
this: -X A:\ARCFILES\THISFILE.ARC.
I hated .TTP programs. Under later versions of TOS, I found that
I could drag the icon of a file to the icon of the .TTP program
and get at least part of the command line filled in by TOS. But I
had to do the rest. Even NeoDesk 3, the first modern version of
Gribnif's desktop, wouldn't free me from this horrible backwater
world of command lines and parameters; it still acted like TOS
did, forcing me to fill out the rest of the command line. (And
NeoDesk 4 still acts the same way, unless you do something about
it. The problem is not with the desktop but with the rules of
TOS; a .TTP file needs parameters. That's what .TTP means, after
all -- TOS Takes Parameters -- and so if you double-click on a
.TTP file or drop another file onto it, even NeoDesk 4 will poke
a dialog box in your face and tell you to fill it out.) In yer
face, indeed! This is NOT my idea of a user-friendly system.
It doesn't have to be that way. I'll tell you how you can get
around this inconvenience shortly.
You use parameters every day
But first we need to look at parameters another way. They're not
just instructions on a command line you type in. And they don't
just go with .TTP programs. Any Atari program can be written to
use parameters, and most major pieces of software are, in fact,
written that way. We usually don't think of them as using
parameters unless we encounter one of those rare .GTP programs --
a GEM program that Takes Parameters. But parameter-passing is
common, and it's exactly what takes place any time you drop an
icon for a data file onto the icon for a program. (My favorite
example is dropping the icon for a ZIP archive onto the icon for
STZIP.PRG. The operating system runs STZIP and passes it the
parameter of the path and filename of the ZIP file. But another
common example is dropping the icon for a text file onto the
STeno icon or the icon of any other word processor.)
This is a simple kind of parameter passing. Some specialized
programs such as LHARC.TOS (which is generally distributed as
LHARC.TTP for no good reason) allow a dozen or more separate
parameters to be passed to the program when it runs. Some
programs almost beg for parameters in order to run properly. A
good example is JonDOS, one of the better command-line
interpreters for the Atari, which will misbehave under Geneva
unless it is run with "-t" as the parameter. This tells it to act
like a TOS program -- no mouse, with all operations occurring
within a standard TOS 25-line display -- instead of a GEM
program.
(A digression is again in order. LHARC takes parameters, so it
is normally distributed as a .TTP program. But this can defeat
one of the cleverest features of LHARC, its ability to
automatically run and either extract an archive's contents or
compress a file or folder without a need for any action by the
user. LHARC does this by examining the parameters the operating
system passes to it. If the parameters include a filename with
the extension ".LZH," LHARC extracts the archive to a folder. If
the parameters do not include ".LZH," LHARC creates an archive
and compresses the file or folder listed in the parameters. This
is all very elegant; drop a folder on the LHARC icon, and it does
the rest, creating an archive. Or drop the icon for an LZH file
onto the LHARC icon, and it extracts the contents to a folder.
But this will NOT happen so elegantly if you insist on using
LHARC with its original filename extension, .TTP, because the
operating system will stick that dialog box in front of your face
and tell you to fill it out, as it must do with .TTP programs.)
To a word processor, a text file can be a parameter. But the
same kind of operation can take place with other software, too.
You can run Flash, the original high-power telecommunications
program for the Atari, by passing it a parameter that consists of
the name of one of its DO files. (DO files are scripts that tell
Flash what to do.) You can run STalker, a modern Atari telecomm
program, with a parameter that consists of the name of a BackTALK
script; STalker will run, load the script automatically, and
execute the instructions in the script. There are countless other
examples.
But how do you do that? Ordinarily, you look at the icon for
STalker, and you see only one thing you can do with it to get it
to run -- you double-click on it. But you could drag the icon for
a BackTALK script onto the STalker icon (or onto its name in a
text-only window display, of course) and it would run and execute
the instructions in the script. You could do it that way, that
is, if you have the script icons and the STalker icon handy; you
can't drag something that's not available on the desktop or in a
window.
Give me an N! Give me a P!
NeoDesk 4 offers an easier way. It's also a more powerful way.
It's called the NeoDesk Program Information file. An NPI can do
much more than what I have suggested here -- there is probably no
limit to the inventiveness you could put an NPI to -- but at its
most basic it can readily automate such tasks as passing
parameters. When you set up an NPI, you'll see a dialog for
entering the parameters. Keep in mind that some programs do not
behave as you might expect when they receive parameters, so you'd
be wise to experiment. (You can't hurt anything.) Start with
something simple, such as passing a script name to a telecomm
program, and then graduate to something more complicated. (With
LHARC, you could create one NPI that ran LHARC in minimal-memory
mode, another that ran it in maximum-memory mode, and so on. If
you double-click on LHARC.TOS with no parameters, you'll see a
list of possible commands that can be passed to LHARC on
startup.)
NPIs can be named by normal-language conventions ("Mini-LHarc,"
for example) instead of by the 8-and-3 ("MINILHAR.NPI")
requirement of normal filenames. Unfortunately, NeoDesk 4 has a
bad habit of overriding the name you have chosen and using its
own best-guess filename, which uses the old 8-and-3 convention.
If this happens, change the name NeoDesk assigns back to a normal
phrase. (Note that a file display under NeoDesk 4 shows the name
you assigned, not the 8-and-3 filename, but a display using a
utility such as MaxiFile or the Geneva item selector will show
the TOS filename.)
Because NPIs are program-launching instructions and not
executable files per se, they are very small, taking up only one
sector, the minimum amount of individual space that can be
allotted on a floppy disk or hard disk. This means you can store
all your NPIs in one place without a problem. It also means you
can place them in Groups easily. But try to resist the temptation
of creating a Group just for NPIs. It makes no sense having one
icon in a Group run LHARC and another run STalker; rather, place
your NPIs into the Groups they naturally fit into, with archivers
in one Group and telecomm software in another, or utility
software in one Group and applications in another, and so on.
PART 7: MEMORY LANE
RAM cram can be a thing of the past
A powerful desktop shell can be a hungry one, too. It could
require a lot of memory, depending on how it is set up. In one
installation I configured, NeoDesk 4 was running in 15-bit color
mode (more than 32,000 colors visible at once) on a Falcon and
displaying a large background picture; it had 400 to 450 icons,
and booted up with six desktop windows open, each of them full of
files and folders. I probably don't have to add that this NeoDesk
4 setup took a lot more memory than the setup I use on my ST,
which has no extra icons, boots up with no desktop windows open
and has only a simple desktop pattern.
But this is one of the strengths of NeoDesk 4. It can be large
and impressive or lean and mean. NeoDesk 4 does this many ways.
First, NeoDesk 4 can be set up like my ST instead of my friend's
Falcon. You can choose to leave out extra icons and desktop
pictures, and you can keep extra desktop windows closed when you
do not need them. (A desktop window that displays 100 or more
files consumes extra memory. Add four or five of them at the same
time and memory consumption rises quite a bit -- needlessly, in
most cases.)
Second, NeoDesk 4 lets the user specify how much memory it
should take, in two separate approaches. You can limit NeoDesk to
a specific maximum amount of memory or you can tell it to take a
minimum at all times. (You can also set no limits, which is the
preferred way for those with four or more megabytes of RAM.) This
may be confusing, so I'll try to explain.
The first approach, which limits the total amount of memory,
keeps NeoDesk 4 from using memory that may be needed for
applications that do not behave properly when run under a shell
such as NeoDesk. Behavior such as this is also influenced by the
version of TOS that NeoDesk 4 is running under. Applications that
are well behaved in terms of memory usage normally won't have a
problem with NeoDesk 4's preferred setting, which is to let it
take all the memory it needs.
The second approach, which specifies a precise amount of memory
that NeoDesk 4 should always occupy, may work better than the
others if your Atari's RAM tends to become fragmented over a long
period of time. (If you reboot often, fragmentation probably can
be ignored. But if you regularly run your computer for weeks at a
time without rebooting, you may want to begin checking on the
amount of fragmentation.) Many of the operations NeoDesk 4
performs require extra memory from the operating system's pool of
RAM, and this memory is always released back to the operating
system later. But in a multitasking system (and within NeoDesk
alone, which always is able to multitask its file and disk
operations even without Geneva), the operating system may be
supplying memory to more than one process at a time. Because
there is no way to know whether these operations will return
their blocks of RAM in the same order they obtained them, there
is no way to control possible fragmentation of RAM in these
situations. (There are ways to defragment RAM in some operating
systems, but none that have been implemented on Ataris so far.)
This second approach, setting NeoDesk 4's memory consumption to
a specific minimum figure, prevents NeoDesk 4 from asking for
extra memory during desktop operations and keeps it from
shrinking its memory consumption during idle time, and this is
what can help reduce fragmentation. In a typical desktop file-
copying operation, NeoDesk 4 will otherwise try to appropriate
nearly all available memory, using RAM as a copying buffer.
There are no hard and fast rules for the memory settings. If you
choose to limit NeoDesk's memory, try settings that are quite low
and see if NeoDesk complains. (If NeoDesk runs out of memory for
its own operations, it will alert you to that.) You may notice
that file-copying and -moving operations are slower, especially
when NeoDesk 4 is dealing with a lot of small files or a few very
large files. This could be an acceptable tradeoff, especially in
light of NeoDesk 4's ability to do file operations in the
background. Since you are able to continue other tasks during
these functions, you may not care if they run slowly.
PART 8: BACKGROUNDER
Getting NeoDesk 4 to work with both hands
Even when Geneva is not running, NeoDesk 4 has an amazing
ability to perform background file operations. Files can be
copied or moved while you do other operations at the desktop --
creating Groups, setting up NPI files, formatting floppy disks,
and so on. If you are copying or moving files from one folder to
another and begin another copying or moving operation, NeoDesk 4
will add that operation to its queue and perform it when the
first operation is done. (NeoDesk 4 cannot perform more than one
file operation at a time, even under Geneva.)
Floppy formatting is a special case. Not only can you do file
operations in the background while formatting a floppy; you can
format a floppy disk AND do file operations while doing anything
else at the desktop. This facile manipulation of the generally
uncooperative floppy-disk controller is one of Gribnif's minor
triumphs in NeoDesk 4, and I know few Atarians or PC users who
are not amazed when they see NeoDesk 4's background formatting in
action.
Geneva adds the muscle
But NeoDesk 4's ability to place such tasks in the background is
most useful under Geneva. Background file operations are
particularly handy during telecommunications sessions, when you
can move downloaded files to separate folders, for example, and
they are just as useful at many other times. NeoDesk 4 and its
partner, Geneva, will let you create archives with STZIP or the
superb LHarc-Shell while formatting floppy disks to place those
archives on -- and while doing any other tasks as well. In my own
systems, I regularly download files from GEnie using a background
telecommunications program while performing file-copying
operations and writing in Calligrapher or Atari Works. Because
NeoDesk 4 provides a user-adjustable control over the amount of
processor time given over to file operations, you can fine-tune
the background response of NeoDesk for your own setup. The
slowest (leftmost) setting of the background adjustment frees up
the CPU for other tasks with minimal intrusion even on an 8MHz
ST; on my 48MHz TT, it exacts no apparent toll, even when the TT
is formatting a floppy at the same time. (I generally set the
adjustment at the second button, which seems to be a good
compromise between background speed and foreground operations on
both my 16MHz ST and on my TT.)
PART 9: SEARCH AND REJOICE
Finding a way to locate files singly or in groups
Hard-disk space is cheaper than ever, and that means more and
more Atari users have big hard drives. And that, of course, means
those disks are getting filled with all sorts of stuff. (The
phenomenon of Fibber McGee's Closet -- the drive that is always
full no matter how big it is -- is worth looking at another
time.) All that space is great, but how do you find those odd
files you stuck in a folder deep inside some other folder five
months ago? How do you ferret out all those strange-looking "*.C"
files and ".PRJ" files that you've accumulated with every
download of one of those big German applications? And how do you
check your entire file system, every drive, every folder, to make
a list of all your GIF graphics?
NeoDesk 4 has the answer. In NeoDesk's Search function, you are
offered the power to locate any file or combination of files on
every drive in your system. And you can even automatically create
a Group out of every file search just by choosing the Group
option.
NeoDesk 4's Search function offers the old-fashioned set of
wildcards that every other search method has -- using the
question mark and the asterisk to represent single characters in
filenames (the question mark) or any group of characters (the
asterisk). The asterisk, as most users may already know, can even
denote the absence of characters.
But NeoDesk 4 goes further. Using advanced wildcards common in
Unix but largely unknown in TOS, NeoDesk 4 lets you specify a
range of characters that should be included or excluded in the
search, so that you could, for example, have NeoDesk 4 find all
files that begin with "A" or "B" but not "C" or other letters and
that have "DOC" or "TXT" as their filename extensions.
Setting up searches this complicated can take a lot of time and
keystrokes, so NeoDesk 4 also lets you save the search criteria.
The next time you need to do the same kind of search, you simply
load the particular Search file.
The addition of the automatic Group creation makes NeoDesk 4's
Search method an ideal way to create Group files quickly. After
the Group has been set up, you can edit it to take out extraneous
files and to add descriptions. Let's look at an example.
Suppose you have a lot of shareware programs, each in their own
folders. Most of them come with short "README" files and longer
documentation texts, but they never seem to be where you can find
them when you need them. You could, of course, make copies of all
of them and put the copies in a central folder, but that would be
an immense waste of space. You could also print all of them out,
but that would be an even bigger waste; after all, you may not
need to have more than a few of them handy as printed documents.
But you do need to be able to get at any of them.
A Group file is the perfect answer. Just set up a search for all
"READ*.* files and all "DOC" and "TXT" files and save the results
in a Group. Put that Group file in a convenient location, and all
your documentation files will be available for browsing in
seconds.
TIP: Make sure you save that Group with the full pathnames
displayed so you can tell the difference between one "README"
file and another. You may want to save the group with the text-
display option rather than iconic display, because text mode will
show the locations of the files instantly.
PART 10: FONT OF PLENTY
Using GDOS bitmapped and Speedo scalable fonts in windows
NeoDesk 4 offers many ways to dress up your desktop, but the one
that can add a finishing touch is its employment of as many as
four separate fonts for the displays within windows, in window
information bars and on the desktop itself. You do not have to
choose these fonts, of course; NeoDesk will use its defaults
ordinarily, but you can achieve some stunning effects if you play
around with GDOS bitmapped or Speedo scalable fonts for any or
all of the four selections.
What GDOS is and why it's not built into the computer
Users who are new to GDOS fonts may need a brief explanation of
what's needed to get them to work. (If you're an old hand at
this, just skip to the next section.) GDOS (the Graphics Device
Operating System) is a much-maligned add-on part of the Atari
operating system that, in fact, is an amazingly powerful feature
in all Ataris. Atari had planned to incorporate GDOS into the
ROMs of all STs (hard-coded into the computer's operating system,
in other words), but left GDOS out at what was practically the
last minute. In place of a ROM-based GDOS, Atari supplied a GDOS
program on disk. The first version slowed down the operation of
the ST horribly, but an improved GDOS was quickly issued by Atari
and by others. (AMCGDOS is one of the most popular improved GDOS
programs and is free, but there are others that are better, as
we'll see in a moment.)
GDOS is something like a translator for devices attached to the
computer -- printers, the display screen, plotters, that sort of
thing. It handles most of the work involved in getting, for
example, characters of various sizes and types on the screen and
on the printed page. (GDOS is MUCH more complicated than this,
but I'm trying to keep things simple so we can concentrate on
fonts.) Regular GDOS supports fonts that are stored as graphical
dot-by-dot images. These generally come in in two basic versions,
one for screen characters and one for printed characters, and
they are not resizeable. (They actually can be made twice as big,
to give an example of apparent resizing, but they are not
resizeable in any manner that retains their appearance.) These
dot-by-dot-image fonts are called bitmapped fonts because each
part of every character is mapped to a grid of dots on the screen
or on the page. Bitmapped fonts work very well but have a single,
very significant drawback: Since each character is stored as a
collection of dots for a single size on the screen or on paper,
the only way to get characters of differing sizes is to store
separate versions of each character for every size you may want
to use. In other words, you'd need a separate font file for 12-
point type, 14-point type, 18-point type, and so on. If you
really want to have a lot of choices in font sizes, you'll need
to store a lot of fonts.
Font technology improves year by year. The most dramatic
improvement for all computer systems is the development of
scalable fonts, which are stored not as dot-by-dot graphics but
as mathematical codes. These codes can be very complicated, but
that sort of thing is relatively easy for a computer to deal
with.
The good part of scalable-font technology is that characters
that are stored as expressions of curves and straight lines can
be made any size without changing their basic appearance. (This
is technically oversimplified, because the best scalable-font
systems actually DO change the way characters are drawn at small
sizes to keep them readable, in a process called "hinting."
Speedo GDOS and the TrueType system both use hinting.) Because
only the mathematical codes are stored and not the bitmaps
themselves, a single scalable font file can replace the dozen or
more bitmapped font files that would have been needed to make
sure all typical sizes are available in that font. And, of
greater importance to a desktop publisher, that single scalable
font file can be used to make ANY size characters, whereas a
bitmapped font file is limited to one size only, preventing the
user from altering documents for a more pleasing fit and
appearance if the ideal font size is not available.
The bad part of scalable-font technology is that scaling
characters on the fly takes time. A 16MHz ST or Falcon and a
32MHz TT will generally work fast enough with scalable fonts, but
8MHz STs may bog down quite a bit. That does not mean scalable
fonts can't be used with 8MHz STs; instead, it means users with
slower STs should do everything possible to speed things up -- by
eliminating desk accessories that are taking up processing time,
for example, or by using the fastest available font-scaling
systems. NVDI 3 is generally considered one of the most flexible
GDOS systems, and is highly recommended, especially since it
handles both Speedo and TrueType fonts.
Fonts of both types are drawn under the control of GDOS. In the
past, most applications that took advantage of GDOS were word
processors and desktop-publishing applications, but this has
changed with continual improvements in both GDOS and font
technology. Today it's not uncommon to find applications of
nearly all kinds supporting a range of fonts. The popular LHarc-
Shell is one example of a relatively simple application that
allows full control, through GDOS, of the fonts used in its file-
display lists.
NeoDesk 4 uses GDOS to provide a choice of fonts and font sizes
for these distinct display areas:
- Captions (descriptions) under the desktop icons.
- Small-text listings in desktop file-and-folder windows.
- Large-text listings in desktop file-and-folder windows.
- Information lines near the top and at the bottom of desktop
windows.
You should note that even without GDOS, NeoDesk 4 lets you
change the size of the font used for any of these displays. The
font will always be one the system fonts. (In some resolutions,
you will not have all of the system fonts available.) But with
GDOS, you can change both the appearance and the size of the
fonts.
It's all a matter of proportions
The standard fonts built into all Atari computers have evenly
spaced characters, each the same width and the same distance
apart, within a single font. This is how a typewriter's font
looks, but it is not the way most published documents in books,
newspapers and magazines look. They use fonts that have variable-
width characters, with the "m," for example, taking up a lot more
space than the "i" and "t" characters. These proportional fonts
add a finished, professional look to the screen display, and can
be used in two of the display areas in NeoDesk 4 -- the caption
line under desktop icons and the information line above and below
desktop windows. These do not have to be Bitstream Speedo fonts;
they can be proportional bitmapped GDOS fonts. You may have to
experiment quite a bit to find a proportional font that looks
good and is readable as the icon caption font, but you shouldn't
have any difficulty assigning a proportional font in the range of
9 to 12 points for the information line.
Proportional fonts cannot be used for the small- and large-text
listings in desktop windows. If you select non-system fonts for
these displays, try to use fonts that have thick letterings to
enhance readability.
GUI or not, sometimes text is a better choice after all
NeoDesk 4 normally displays files and folders as icons within
each desktop window. This is often the most informative type of
display because icons can be uniquely shaped and colored for each
item they represent. (After all, this is part of what a graphical
user interface is all about -- graphics!) But there are times
when an icon-based display is not the best method. A text display
can show many more items, of course, but the main point is that
in a window in which all items are of the same kind of file (a
group of GIF pictures, for example), an iconic display will have
no graphical advantage, since the icons will all look alike. In
that kind of situation, a text display makes more sense.
NeoDesk 4 allows mix-and-match selection of icon and text
displays within desktop windows. This can be especially handy for
ST Medium Resolution screens, where icon displays take up a lot
of room, and can be useful in ST High Resolution mode, too, when
many windows are open. NeoDesk 4's Group windows take up only a
small amount of space in text mode, permitting a desktop with
dozens of applications and other items to be listed in group
windows even in ST Medium Resolution.
Note this, please
NeoDesk 4 also uses modern font technology to good effect in its
Desktop Notes, a feature that has long been one of the trademarks
of NeoDesk. (This is literally true; "Desktop Notes" is
copyrighted by Gribnif.) Whereas previous versions of NeoDesk
limited Desktop Notes to a few brief messages in a plain Atari
system font, NeoDesk 4 allows lengthy notes in any Bitstream
Speedo font, large or small, in addition to any of the system
fonts. In order to use Speedo fonts with NeoDesk 4, you'll need
Speedo GDOS or NVDI version 3 or newer. (Although the latest
versions of Speedo GDOS and NVDI also support other scalable
fonts, NeoDesk 4 cannot display Desktop Notes in TrueType or
PostScript formats.)
Proportional Speedo fonts look especially good in Desktop Notes.
Most Speedo fonts are proportional, so, if you already have a set
of Speedo fonts, you no doubt have proportional ones.
(Regrettably, the non-proportional font originally distributed
with Speedo GDOS, Monospaced 821, is one of the worst examples of
monospaced fonts I have ever seen. Bitstream's Courier is much
better.)
When you choose a Speedo font for Desktop Notes, you may find
that a sans-serif font looks better than a serif font. Serifs are
tiny strokes that generally make each letter look more
interesting, and usually make the text more readable. But if you
use serif fonts at smaller sizes on a typical Atari display, the
serifs are too small to be accurately rendered. On the other
hand, a serif font such as Bitstream's Charter or Windsor can be
very attractive on the screen at larger sizes.
Keep in mind that NeoDesk 4 places its Desktop Notes on an
unseen grid based on the height of the font, so if you put a
Desktop Note in small type on the bottom of the screen and then
use the Desktop Notes dialog to make the type larger, NeoDesk may
place it off the bottom of the display. If this happens, set the
size back to what it was and erase the note, then change the size
and write it where you want it to appear. (If you don't do it
this way, you'll never be able to get at the Desktop Notes
because they'll stay hidden off-screen!)
If you use Speedo GDOS, which generally takes up considerable
memory, you may not want to have a Speedo-font Desktop Note
displayed all the time. If your Desktop Notes are used more for
display than for quick note-writing -- if, for example, you
create Desktop Notes that show a permanent message -- you can use
Imagecopy or any other good snapshot utility to create an image
of the part of your screen containing the Desktop Notes; this can
then be used as a desktop background when your computer is not
running Speedo GDOS.
Disclaimer
The text of the articles is identical to the originals like they appeared
in old ST NEWS issues. Please take into consideration that the author(s)
was (were) a lot younger and less responsible back then. So bad jokes,
bad English, youthful arrogance, insults, bravura, over-crediting and
tastelessness should be taken with at least a grain of salt. Any contact
and/or payment information, as well as deadlines/release dates of any
kind should be regarded as outdated. Due to the fact that these pages are
not actually contained in an Atari executable here, references to scroll
texts, featured demo screens and hidden articles may also be irrelevant.